Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are not reversible. There is no amount of alcohol that’s known to be safe to consume during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.

If you suspect your child has fetal alcohol syndrome, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis may help to reduce problems such as learning difficulties and behavioral issues.

Symptoms

The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies, with some children experiencing them to a far greater degree than others. Signs and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of physical defects, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, and problems functioning and coping with daily life.

Physical defects

Physical defects may include:

• Distinctive facial features, including small eyes, an exceptionally thin upper lip, a short, upturned nose, and a smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip
• Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers
• Slow physical growth before and after birth
• Vision difficulties or hearing problems
• Small head circumference and brain size
• Heart defects and problems with kidneys and bones

Brain and central nervous system problems

Problems with the brain and central nervous system may include:

• Poor coordination or balance
• Intellectual disability, learning disorders and delayed development
• Poor memory
• Trouble with attention and with processing information
• Difficulty with reasoning and problem-solving
• Difficulty identifying consequences of choices
• Poor judgment skills
• Jitteriness or hyperactivity
• Rapidly changing moods

Social and behavioral issues

Problems in functioning, coping and interacting with others may include:

• Difficulty in school
• Trouble getting along with others
• Poor social skills
• Trouble adapting to change or switching from one task to another
• Problems with behavior and impulse control
• Poor concept of time
• Problems staying on task
• Difficulty planning or working toward a goal

Causes

When you’re pregnant and you drink alcohol:

• Alcohol enters your bloodstream and reaches your developing fetus by crossing the placenta
• Alcohol causes higher blood alcohol concentrations in your developing baby than in your body because a fetus metabolizes alcohol slower than an adult does
• Alcohol interferes with the delivery of oxygen and optimal nutrition to your developing baby
• Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm the development of tissues and organs and cause permanent brain damage in your baby

The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. However, any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby’s brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you’re pregnant.

Impairment of facial features, the heart and other organs, including the bones, and the central nervous system may occur as a result of drinking alcohol during the first trimester. That’s when these parts of the fetus are in key stages of development. However, the risk is present at any time during pregnancy.

Risk factors

The more alcohol you drink during pregnancy, the greater the chance of problems in your baby. There’s no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

You could put your baby at risk even before you realize you’re pregnant. Don’t drink alcohol if:

• You’re pregnant
• You think you might be pregnant
• You’re trying to become pregnant

Complications

Problem behaviors not present at birth that can result from having fetal alcohol syndrome (secondary disabilities) may include:

• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Aggression, inappropriate social conduct, and breaking rules and laws
• Alcohol or drug misuse
• Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety or eating disorders
• Problems staying in or completing school
• Problems with independent living and with employment
• Inappropriate sexual behaviors
• Early death by accident, homicide or suicide