Childhood schizophrenia (also known as childhood-onset schizophrenia and very early onset schizophrenia) is a schizophrenia spectrum disorder that is characterized by hallucinations, disorganized speech, delusions, catatonic behaviour and “negative symptoms” such as inappropriate or blunted affect and avolition with onset before 13 years of age.

Causes

It is not known what causes childhood schizophrenia. Researchers believe that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment contributes to development of the disorder.

Neuro imaging studies show difference in the brain structure and central neuron system of people with schizophrenia.
Risk factors

Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia it include:

• Having a family history of schizophrenia.
• Increased immune system activation, such as inflammation or auto immune diseases.
• Older age of father
• Some pregnancy and birth complications such as malnutrition or expose to toxins or viruses that may impact brain development.

Early signs and symptoms

The earliest indications of childhood schizophrenia may include developmental problems such as:

• Language delays
• Late or unusual crawling and walking
• Other abnormal motor behaviors for example rocking body, hand flapping etc…

Later signs and symptoms

• Delusions: these are false unshakable believes. That are no based on reality
• Hallucinations: these are usually involve seeing or hearing things that don’t exist
• Disorganized thinking: inferred from disorganized speech. Effective communication can be impaired and answers to questions may be partially or completely unrelated
• Abnormal motor behaviors: resistance to instructions, inappropriate postures or a complete lack of response.
• Negative symptoms: this refers to reduce or lack of ability to function normally.

TREATMENT

Schizophrenia in children requires lifelong treatment, even during periods when symptoms seem to go away. The team approach may be available in clinics with experise in schizophrenia treatment. The team may include:

• Psychiatrist, psychologist
• Occupational therapy
• Social worker
• Family counseling
• Pharmacist

Role of occupational therapy in childhood schizophrenia

Mental health is an essential factor for active and independent functioning in all aspects of life.

Occupational therapy techniques:

• Social skill training and academic skill training
• Problem solving strategies
• Self-control techniques and self-direction.
• Vocational rehabilitations.
• Lifestyle and home remedies
• Coping and support.

Jewel Autism Centre